英语音标中的音素分为元音和辅音两大类,它们的发音方法各不相同。
元音发音
元音是发音时声带振动,气流不受阻碍的音素。英语中的元音有5个基本元音和几个半元音。
1. 长元音(Long Vowels):
/i?/ (如:see, tea)
/i??/ (如:measure, near)
/ɑ?/ (如:father, car)
/??/ (如:father, door)
/??r/ (如:more, nor)
/??/ (如:work, turn)
/??r/ (如:learn, burn)
/u?/ (如:too, food)
2. 短元音(Short Vowels):
/i/ (如:sit, bit)
/?/ (如:bit, fit)
/e/ (如:bed, bet)
/?/ (如:pet, set)
/?/ (如:cat, bat)
/ɑ/ (如:bat, that)
/?/ (如:pot, lot)
/?/ (如:cup, cut)
3. 半元音(Diphthongs):
/e?/ (如:day, stay)
/a?/ (如:my, buy)
/??/ (如:boy, joy)
/a?/ (如:now, cow)
/??/ (如:no, go)
/ju?/ (如:you, new)
/u?/ (如:too, wood)
辅音发音
辅音是发音时声带不振动,气流受到阻碍的音素。英语中的辅音有20个基本辅音和几个特殊的辅音。
1. 双唇音(Bilabial Sounds):
/b/ (如:bat, bus)
/p/ (如:pat, pen)
2. 唇齿音(Labiodental Sounds):
/f/ (如:fat, fun)
/v/ (如:van, vet)
3. 齿龈音(Alveolar Sounds):
/θ/ (如:think, thin)
/e/ (如:this, that)
/s/ (如:sit, sun)
/z/ (如:zoo, zero)
/t/ (如:top, ten)
/d/ (如:dog, day)
/n/ (如:not, no)
/l/ (如:let, lot)
4. 齿音(Dental Sounds):
/t?/ (如:chop, chin)
/d?/ (如:jam, joy)
5. 软腭音(Velar Sounds):
/k/ (如:cat, keep)
/g/ (如:get, go)
6. 喉音(Glottal Sounds):
/h/ (如:hat, hot)
/?/ (如:ah, uh)
7. 颚音(Palatal Sounds):
/?/ (如:she, shop)
/?/ (如:measure, pleasure)
8. 鼻音(Nasal Sounds):
/m/ (如:mat, mouth)
/n/ (如:net, no)
9. 舌面音(Palatal Sounds):
/j/ (如:yes, yet)
10. 擦音(Fricative Sounds):
/h/ (如:hat, hot)
/θ/ (如:think, thin)
/e/ (如:this, that)
/s/ (如:sit, sun)
/z/ (如:zoo, zero)
/?/ (如:she, shop)
/?/ (如:measure, pleasure)
/t?/ (如:chop, chin)
/d?/ (如:jam, joy)
11. 塞音(Plosive Sounds):
/b/ (如:bat, bus)
/d/ (如:dog, day)
/g/ (如:get, go)
/p/ (如:pat, pen)
/t/ (如:top, ten)
12. 鼻音(Nasal Sounds):
/m/ (如:mat, mouth)
/n/ (如:net, no)
13. 滑音(Trill Sounds):
/r/ (如:red, run)
14. 半辅音(Approximants):
/w/ (如:win, wet)
/j/ (如:yes, yet)
在发音时,要注意每个音素的发音位置、气流的方向和声带的振动情况。练习时,可以参照音标图示,多听、多模仿,逐渐掌握正确的发音方法。